Lightning Protection Technical Papers

The Secondary Effects of Lightning Activity:
R. Carpenter & J. Lanzoni – April 2014

A Hybrid Lightning Strike Protection System
R. Carpenter & D. Sletten August 2014

Chemical Storage Tank Arc Discharge Mitigation
Gasiewski, Howard - Nov 2013

SWD Site Bonding Guide
Feb. 2014

Designing For A Low Resistance Earth Interface
Updated March 2018

Improving Lightning Safety of Petroleum Storage Tanks
Updated Oct. 2009

Preventing Direct Lightning Strikes
R. Carpenter, P. Carpenter & D. Sletten – March 2014

Collection vs. Prevention, Technology Explained
Updated Oct. 2013

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!important;margin:0}.header-plain:not(.menuo-right) #Header .top_bar_left{width:auto !important}.header-stack.header-center #Top_bar #menu{display:inline-block !important}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu{display:none;height:auto;width:300px;bottom:auto;top:100%;right:1px;position:absolute;margin:0}.header-simple #Header a.responsive-menu-toggle{display:block;right:10px}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu>ul{width:100%;float:left}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li{width:100%;padding-bottom:0;border-right:0;position:relative}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li a{padding:0 20px;margin:0;display:block;height:auto;line-height:normal;border:none}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li a:after{display:none}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li a span{border:none;line-height:44px;display:inline;padding:0}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li.submenu .menu-toggle{display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:44px;height:44px;line-height:44px;font-size:30px;font-weight:300;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;color:#444;opacity:.33}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li.submenu .menu-toggle:after{content:"+"}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li.hover>.menu-toggle:after{content:"-"}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li.hover a{border-bottom:0}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul.mfn-megamenu li .menu-toggle{display:none}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul{position:relative !important;left:0 !important;top:0;padding:0;margin:0 !important;width:auto !important;background-image:none}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li{width:100% !important;display:block;padding:0}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a{padding:0 20px 0 30px}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a .menu-arrow{display:none}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a span{padding:0}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a span:after{display:none !important}.header-simple #Top_bar .menu>li>ul.mfn-megamenu a.mfn-megamenu-title{text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:400}.header-simple #Top_bar .menu>li>ul.mfn-megamenu>li>ul{display:block !important;position:inherit;left:auto;top:auto}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li ul{border-left:0 !important;padding:0;top:0}.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li ul li a{padding:0 20px 0 40px}.rtl.header-simple #Top_bar #menu{left:1px;right:auto}.rtl.header-simple #Top_bar a.responsive-menu-toggle{left:10px;right:auto}.rtl.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li.submenu .menu-toggle{left:0;right:auto}.rtl.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul{left:auto !important;right:0 !important}.rtl.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a{padding:0 30px 0 20px}.rtl.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li ul li a{padding:0 40px 0 20px}.menu-highlight #Top_bar .menu>li{margin:0 2px}.menu-highlight:not(.header-creative) #Top_bar .menu>li>a{margin:20px 0;padding:0;-webkit-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px}.menu-highlight #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after{display:none}.menu-highlight #Top_bar .menu>li>a span:not(.description){line-height:50px}.menu-highlight #Top_bar .menu>li>a span.description{display:none}.menu-highlight.header-stack #Top_bar .menu>li>a{margin:10px 0 !important}.menu-highlight.header-stack #Top_bar .menu>li>a span:not(.description){line-height:40px}.menu-highlight.header-transparent #Top_bar .menu>li>a{margin:5px 0}.menu-highlight.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li,.menu-highlight.header-creative #Top_bar #menu ul li{margin:0}.menu-highlight.header-simple #Top_bar #menu ul li>a,.menu-highlight.header-creative #Top_bar #menu ul li>a{-webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0}.menu-highlight:not(.header-fixed):not(.header-simple) #Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a{margin:10px 0 !important;padding:5px 0 !important}.menu-highlight:not(.header-fixed):not(.header-simple) #Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a span{line-height:30px !important}.header-modern.menu-highlight.menuo-right .menu_wrapper{margin-right:20px}.menu-line-below #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after{top:auto;bottom:-4px}.menu-line-below #Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a:after{top:auto;bottom:-4px}.menu-line-below-80 #Top_bar:not(.is-sticky) .menu>li>a:after{height:4px;left:10%;top:50%;margin-top:20px;width:80%}.menu-line-below-80-1 #Top_bar:not(.is-sticky) .menu>li>a:after{height:1px;left:10%;top:50%;margin-top:20px;width:80%}.menu-link-color #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after{display:none !important}.menu-arrow-top #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after{background:none repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;border-color:#ccc transparent transparent;border-style:solid;border-width:7px 7px 0;display:block;height:0;left:50%;margin-left:-7px;top:0 !important;width:0}.menu-arrow-top.header-transparent #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after,.menu-arrow-top.header-plain #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after{display:none}.menu-arrow-top #Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a:after{top:0 !important}.menu-arrow-bottom #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after{background:none !important;border-color:transparent transparent #ccc;border-style:solid;border-width:0 7px 7px;display:block;height:0;left:50%;margin-left:-7px;top:auto;bottom:0;width:0}.menu-arrow-bottom.header-transparent #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after,.menu-arrow-bottom.header-plain #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after{display:none}.menu-arrow-bottom #Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a:after{top:auto;bottom:0}.menuo-no-borders #Top_bar .menu>li>a span:not(.description){border-right-width:0}.menuo-no-borders #Header_creative #Top_bar .menu>li>a span{border-bottom-width:0}.menuo-right #Top_bar .menu_wrapper{float:right}.menuo-right.header-stack:not(.header-center) #Top_bar .menu_wrapper{margin-right:150px}body.header-creative{padding-left:50px}body.header-creative.header-open{padding-left:250px}body.error404,body.under-construction,body.template-blank{padding-left:0 !important}.header-creative.footer-fixed #Footer,.header-creative.footer-sliding #Footer,.header-creative.footer-stick #Footer.is-sticky{box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:50px}.header-open.footer-fixed #Footer,.header-open.footer-sliding #Footer,.header-creative.footer-stick #Footer.is-sticky{padding-left:250px}.header-rtl.header-creative.footer-fixed #Footer,.header-rtl.header-creative.footer-sliding #Footer,.header-rtl.header-creative.footer-stick #Footer.is-sticky{padding-left:0;padding-right:50px}.header-rtl.header-open.footer-fixed #Footer,.header-rtl.header-open.footer-sliding #Footer,.header-rtl.header-creative.footer-stick #Footer.is-sticky{padding-right:250px}#Header_creative{background:#fff;position:fixed;width:250px;height:100%;left:-200px;top:0;z-index:9002;-webkit-box-shadow:2px 0 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.15);box-shadow:2px 0 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.15)}#Header_creative .container{width:100%}#Header_creative .creative-wrapper{opacity:0;margin-right:50px}#Header_creative a.creative-menu-toggle{display:block;width:34px;height:34px;line-height:34px;font-size:22px;text-align:center;position:absolute;top:10px;right:8px;border-radius:3px}.admin-bar #Header_creative a.creative-menu-toggle{top:42px}#Header_creative #Top_bar{position:static;width:100%}#Header_creative #Top_bar .top_bar_left{width:100% !important;float:none}#Header_creative #Top_bar .top_bar_right{width:100% !important;float:none;height:auto;margin-bottom:35px;text-align:center;padding:0 20px;top:0;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}#Header_creative #Top_bar .top_bar_right:before{display:none}#Header_creative #Top_bar .top_bar_right_wrapper{top:0}#Header_creative #Top_bar .logo{float:none;text-align:center;margin:15px 0}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu_wrapper{float:none;margin:0 0 30px}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu>li{width:100%;float:none;position:relative}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu>li>a{padding:0;text-align:center}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu>li>a:after{display:none}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu>li>a span{border-right:0;border-bottom-width:1px;line-height:38px}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu li ul{left:100%;right:auto;top:0;box-shadow:2px 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.03);-webkit-box-shadow:2px 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.03)}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu>li>ul.mfn-megamenu{width:700px !important}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu>li>ul.mfn-megamenu>li>ul{left:0}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu li ul li a{padding-top:9px;padding-bottom:8px}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu li ul li ul{top:0 !important}#Header_creative #Top_bar .menu>li>a span.description{display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:28px !important;clear:both}#Header_creative #Top_bar .search_wrapper{left:100%;top:auto;bottom:0}#Header_creative #Top_bar a#header_cart{display:inline-block;float:none;top:3px}#Header_creative #Top_bar a#search_button{display:inline-block;float:none;top:3px}#Header_creative #Top_bar .wpml-languages{display:inline-block;float:none;top:0}#Header_creative #Top_bar .wpml-languages.enabled:hover a.active{padding-bottom:9px}#Header_creative #Top_bar a.button.action_button{display:inline-block;float:none;top:16px;margin:0}#Header_creative #Top_bar .banner_wrapper{display:block;text-align:center}#Header_creative #Top_bar .banner_wrapper img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:inline-block}#Header_creative #Action_bar{position:absolute;bottom:0;top:auto;clear:both;padding:0 20px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}#Header_creative #Action_bar .social{float:none;text-align:center;padding:5px 0 15px}#Header_creative #Action_bar .social li{margin-bottom:2px}#Header_creative .social li a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.5)}#Header_creative .social li a:hover{color:#000}#Header_creative .creative-social{position:absolute;bottom:10px;right:0;width:50px}#Header_creative .creative-social li{display:block;float:none;width:100%;text-align:center;margin-bottom:5px}.header-creative .fixed-nav.fixed-nav-prev{margin-left:50px}.header-creative.header-open .fixed-nav.fixed-nav-prev{margin-left:250px}.menuo-last #Header_creative #Top_bar .menu li.last ul{top:auto;bottom:0}.header-open #Header_creative{left:0}.header-open #Header_creative .creative-wrapper{opacity:1;margin:0 !important}.header-open #Header_creative .creative-menu-toggle,.header-open #Header_creative .creative-social{display:none}body.header-rtl.header-creative{padding-left:0;padding-right:50px}.header-rtl #Header_creative{left:auto;right:-200px}.header-rtl.nice-scroll #Header_creative{margin-right:10px}.header-rtl #Header_creative .creative-wrapper{margin-left:50px;margin-right:0}.header-rtl #Header_creative a.creative-menu-toggle{left:8px;right:auto}.header-rtl #Header_creative .creative-social{left:0;right:auto}.header-rtl #Footer #back_to_top.sticky{right:125px}.header-rtl #popup_contact{right:70px}.header-rtl #Header_creative #Top_bar .menu li ul{left:auto;right:100%}.header-rtl #Header_creative #Top_bar .search_wrapper{left:auto;right:100%}.header-rtl .fixed-nav.fixed-nav-prev{margin-left:0 !important}.header-rtl .fixed-nav.fixed-nav-next{margin-right:50px}body.header-rtl.header-creative.header-open{padding-left:0;padding-right:250px !important}.header-rtl.header-open #Header_creative{left:auto;right:0}.header-rtl.header-open #Footer #back_to_top.sticky{right:325px}.header-rtl.header-open #popup_contact{right:270px}.header-rtl.header-open .fixed-nav.fixed-nav-next{margin-right:250px}#Header_creative.active{left:-1px}.header-rtl #Header_creative.active{left:auto;right:-1px}#Header_creative.active .creative-wrapper{opacity:1;margin:0}.header-creative .vc_row[data-vc-full-width]{padding-left:50px}.header-creative.header-open .vc_row[data-vc-full-width]{padding-left:250px}.header-open .vc_parallax .vc_parallax-inner{left:auto;width:calc(100% - 250px)}.header-open.header-rtl .vc_parallax .vc_parallax-inner{left:0;right:auto}#Header_creative.scroll{height:100%;overflow-y:auto}#Header_creative.scroll:not(.dropdown) .menu li ul{display:none !important}#Header_creative.scroll #Action_bar{position:static}#Header_creative.dropdown{outline:none}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar .menu_wrapper{float:left}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li{position:relative;float:left}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li a:after{display:none}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li a span{line-height:38px;padding:0}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li.submenu .menu-toggle{display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:38px;height:38px;line-height:38px;font-size:26px;font-weight:300;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;color:#444;opacity:.33}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li.submenu .menu-toggle:after{content:"+"}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li.hover>.menu-toggle:after{content:"-"}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li.hover a{border-bottom:0}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul.mfn-megamenu li .menu-toggle{display:none}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li ul{position:relative !important;left:0 !important;top:0;padding:0;margin-left:0 !important;width:auto !important;background-image:none}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li ul.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li{width:100% !important}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a{padding:0 10px;text-align:center}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a .menu-arrow{display:none}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a span{padding:0}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li a span:after{display:none !important}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar .menu>li>ul.mfn-megamenu a.mfn-megamenu-title{text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:400}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar .menu>li>ul.mfn-megamenu>li>ul{display:block !important;position:inherit;left:auto;top:auto}#Header_creative.dropdown #Top_bar #menu ul li ul li ul{border-left:0 !important;padding:0;top:0}#Header_creative{transition:left .5s ease-in-out,right .5s ease-in-out}#Header_creative .creative-wrapper{transition:opacity .5s ease-in-out,margin 0s ease-in-out .5s}#Header_creative.active .creative-wrapper{transition:opacity .5s ease-in-out,margin 0s ease-in-out}}@media only screen and (min-width: 1240px){#Top_bar.is-sticky{position:fixed !important;width:100%;left:0;top:-60px;height:60px;z-index:701;background:#fff;opacity:.97;filter:alpha(opacity=97);-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.layout-boxed.header-boxed #Top_bar.is-sticky{max-width:1240px;left:50%;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%)}.layout-boxed.header-boxed.nice-scroll #Top_bar.is-sticky{margin-left:-5px}#Top_bar.is-sticky .top_bar_left,#Top_bar.is-sticky .top_bar_right,#Top_bar.is-sticky .top_bar_right:before{background:none}#Top_bar.is-sticky .top_bar_right{top:-4px;height:auto}#Top_bar.is-sticky .top_bar_right_wrapper{top:15px}.header-plain #Top_bar.is-sticky .top_bar_right_wrapper{top:0}#Top_bar.is-sticky .logo{width:auto;margin:0 30px 0 20px;padding:0}#Top_bar.is-sticky #logo{padding:5px 0 !important;height:50px !important;line-height:50px !important}#Top_bar.is-sticky #logo img:not(.svg){max-height:35px;width:auto !important}#Top_bar.is-sticky #logo img.logo-main{display:none}#Top_bar.is-sticky #logo img.logo-sticky{display:inline}#Top_bar.is-sticky .menu_wrapper{clear:none}#Top_bar.is-sticky .menu_wrapper .menu>li>a{padding:15px 0}#Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a,#Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a span{line-height:30px}#Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a:after{top:auto;bottom:-4px}#Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a span.description{display:none}#Top_bar.is-sticky .secondary_menu_wrapper,#Top_bar.is-sticky .banner_wrapper{display:none}.header-overlay #Top_bar.is-sticky{display:none}.sticky-dark #Top_bar.is-sticky{background:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.sticky-dark #Top_bar.is-sticky #menu{background:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.sticky-dark #Top_bar.is-sticky .menu>li>a{color:#fff}.sticky-dark #Top_bar.is-sticky .top_bar_right a{color:rgba(255,255,255,.5)}.sticky-dark #Top_bar.is-sticky .wpml-languages a.active,.sticky-dark #Top_bar.is-sticky .wpml-languages ul.wpml-lang-dropdown{background:rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1)}}@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1240px){.header_placeholder{height:0 !important}}@media only screen and (max-width: 1239px){#Top_bar #menu{display:none;height:auto;width:300px;bottom:auto;top:100%;right:1px;position:absolute;margin:0}#Top_bar a.responsive-menu-toggle{display:block}#Top_bar #menu>ul{width:100%;float:left}#Top_bar #menu ul li{width:100%;padding-bottom:0;border-right:0;position:relative}#Top_bar #menu ul li a{padding:0 25px;margin:0;display:block;height:auto;line-height:normal;border:none}#Top_bar #menu ul li a:after{display:none}#Top_bar #menu ul li a span{border:none;line-height:44px;display:inline;padding:0}#Top_bar #menu ul li a span.description{margin:0 0 0 5px}#Top_bar #menu ul li.submenu .menu-toggle{display:block;position:absolute;right:15px;top:0;width:44px;height:44px;line-height:44px;font-size:30px;font-weight:300;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;color:#444;opacity:.33}#Top_bar #menu ul li.submenu .menu-toggle:after{content:"+"}#Top_bar #menu ul li.hover>.menu-toggle:after{content:"-"}#Top_bar #menu ul li.hover a{border-bottom:0}#Top_bar #menu ul li a span:after{display:none !important}#Top_bar #menu ul.mfn-megamenu li .menu-toggle{display:none}#Top_bar #menu ul li ul{position:relative 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The Secondary Effects of Lightning Activity: R. Carpenter & J. Lanzoni – April 2014

A Hybrid Lightning Strike Protection System R. Carpenter & D. Sletten August 2014

Chemical Storage Tank Arc Discharge Mitigation Gasiewski, Howard - Nov 2013

SWD Site Bonding Guide Feb. 2014

Designing For A Low Resistance Earth Interface Updated March 2018

Improving Lightning Safety of Petroleum Storage Tanks Updated Oct. 2009

Preventing Direct Lightning Strikes R. Carpenter, P. Carpenter & D. Sletten – March 2014

Collection vs. Prevention, Technology Explained Updated Oct. 2013

lightning protection